Generic Lipitor (Atorvastatin, Lipitor® equivalent)
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20mg
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Drug Medical Information
AGE AND BEHAVIOR: AIDS AND TYPES OF LEARNING – CATEGORIZATION -SPONTANEOUS ORGANIZATION
This suggests that the young spontaneously categorize or organize information and the old do not, or do not to as large an extent. This notion was substantiated in a study by Hultsch (1974). He tested subjects of wide age range, giving them two lists of words to learn. Each list was given in 10 study-and-test trials, thus permitting him to plot learning curves (improvement in learning-recall performances over 10 trials). Hultsch had two measures of organization that the subjects spontaneously applied to the items they learned. One measure was of order—how faithfully the subjects followed in their recall performances the order in which the words were presented. The second measure was also of order, but of a different kind. It assessed similarity of the order of recall of words in one trial (of the 10) in list 1 with that in the same trial of the second list. Hultsch found that with both measures, spontaneous "organization showed an overall age effect. As chronological age increases, less organization of material is exhibited" (Hultsch, 1974).
Denney (1974) concluded in similar fashion. She presented two lists of words for learning to two age groups, 30-60 years and 70-90 years. One list had similar words in it (e.g., ocean and sea) and the other list had complementary words (e.g., music and piano). Denney's interest was to measure the amount of "clustering"—the amount of organization —i.e., the extent of recall of words from the same category consecutively.
Like Hultsch, Denney found that the younger subjects had more spontaneous organization in the recall; they clustered more than the older subjects. "In fact, not one of the elderly subjects clustered significantly . . ." (Denny, 1974). In this study, learning ability was highly correlated with clustering.
As is so often the case, not all studies point in one direction. For example, Laurence (1966) did not find age differences in spontaneous organization, nor did Gordon (1975). The results of the former study can be explained by the use of a measure of organization that Hultsch (1974) claimed unduly penalized the organizational performances of the young. Gordon's results, based on meaningful sentences, could be explained on the basis that both the elderly and the young were highly educated and thus of high verbal facility. It will be recalled that Hultsch (1969) found that older people of high verbal ability were not benefited differentially by the instruction that provided aid in organization, only those of low facility were benefited. It was said that when highly verbal people reach older ages they do not seem to suffer in their efforts to organize information.
Studies on organization hold much promise; they have the virtue of being relatively translatable to practical daily-life affairs, and the translations need not require much time, effort, or cost.
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